Animal selection for a behavior, and the Developmental traits that follow

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For over 50 years in a Russian experiment, foxes have been selected for one trait—tameness. The results have been fascinating. A population has resulted that is as tame as domestic dogs. These changes have been associated with changes in the neuroendocrine system, including lower levels of blood cortisol. Developmental changes have been seen as well. In addition to these traits seen throughout the population, other changes have appeared at a rate higher than would be expected by mutation alone. The most notable example is a white spotting pattern which often results in a star on the fox’s face. The types of changes seen in the domestic fox population are remarkably similar to changes seen in many other domestic animals. This pattern, where a whole series of phenotypic changes have occurred in response to selection for one behavioral trait, may provide novel insights into rapid species diversification.

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